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TYRE INFORMATION:
A tire (in American English) or tyre (in British English) is a ring-shaped
covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle
performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the
wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from the
word "tie", referring to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that
ties the wood segments together.
The fundamental materials of modern tires are rubber and fabric along with other
compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides
traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first
versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels in
order to prevent wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are pneumatic,
comprising a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and
generally filled with compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic
tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as bicycles, motorcycles, cars,
trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft.
The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that the word derives from "attire",
while other sources suggest a connection with the verb "to tie". From the 15th
to the 17th centuries the spellings tire and tyre were used without distinction;
but by 1700 tyre had become obsolete and tire remained as the settled spelling.
In the UK, the spelling tyre was revived in the 19th century for pneumatic
tires, though many continued to use tire for the iron variety. The Times
newspaper in Britain was still using tire as late as 1905. The 1911 edition of
the Encyclopędia Britannica states that "[t]he spelling 'tyre' is not now
accepted by the best English authorities, and is unrecognized in the US", while
Fowler's Modern English Usage of 1926 says that "there is nothing to be said for
'tyre', which is etymologically wrong, as well as needlessly divergent from our
own [sc. British] older & the present American usage". However, over the course
of the 20th century tyre became established as the standard British spelling.
History
Iron tires
The earliest tires were bands of iron (later steel), placed on wooden wheels,
used on carts and wagons. The tire would be heated in a forge fire, placed over
the wheel and quenched, causing the metal to contract and fit tightly on the
wheel. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, carried out this work. The
outer ring served to "tie" the wheel segments together for use, providing also a
wear-resistant surface to the perimeter of the wheel. The word "tire" thus
emerged as a variant spelling to refer to the metal bands used to tie wheels.
Rubber tires
The first practical pneumatic tire was made by John Boyd Dunlop, born in
Scotland [Whilst working as Veterinarian in May Street, Belfast], in 1887 for
his son's bicycle, in an effort to prevent the headaches his son had while
riding on rough roads (Dunlop's patent was later declared invalid because of
prior art by fellow Scot Robert William Thomson). Dunlop is credited with
"realizing rubber could withstand the wear and tear of being a tire while
retaining its resilience".
Pneumatic tires are made of a flexible elastomer material, such as rubber, with
reinforcing materials such as fabric and wire. Tire companies were first started
in the early 20th century, and grew in tandem with the auto industry. Today,
over 1 billion tires are produced annually, in over 400 tire factories, with the
three top tire makers commanding a 60% global market share
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